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Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica – People

Chin-Ti Chen (陳錦地)

Materials Chemistry

Chin-Ti Chen (陳錦地)

researcherid:E-5341-2015 (open in a new browser window)     886-2-55728542
    886-2-27831237
    chintchengate.sinica.edu.tw
Research Fellow(2003-);Adjunct Professor, National Taiwan University (2021-2023); Adjunct Professor, National Central University (2010-2023);Adjunct Professor, National Chiao Tung University(2007-2023);Deputy Director(2005-2009);Associate Research Fellow(2000-2003);Assistant Research Fellow(1995-2000);Postdoctoral Fellow in Chemistry, California Institute of Technology(1992-1995);Teaching Assistant, National Taiwan University(1986-1987);B.S., Tamkang University(1982);M.S. , National Taiwan University(1984);Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign(1992);Best Paper Award: Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (1997);Outstanding Young Scholar Award: Tsing Hua Foundation of Chemistry Technology and Culture Education(2002);Young Scholar Publication Award: Academia Sinica(2003);Monetary Award of the Office of Public Affairs and Technology Licensing, Academia Sinica(2004);Associate Editor, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (2014-) ;Premium Academic Research Award, Academia Sinica(2022-2024);
Research Interests

Our current research focuses on design and synthesis of potential chromophores, fluorescent,or phosphorescent materials, small molecular or polymeric materials, in application to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). Materials suitable for such purposes are organic π-conjugated semiconductors, macrocyclic compounds (such as porphyrin and phthalocyanine), metal chelates, and coordination metal complexes. We are also interested in compounds with special electrical and/or optical properties, such as DVD-R optical recording media, photosensitizers (for solar cells), materials for organic photovoltaics (OPV), organic thin film transistors (OTFTs), and mesogenic materials.

Molecular Engineering of Copolymer PM6 as
Terpolymers to Promote the Efficiency and Lifetime of NFA (Y6)-Based Polymer Organic Photovoltaics

Dual Layer of NiO, Hole Transporting Material for High Efficiency MAPbla Perovskite Solar Cells

Mitigating the degradation of  MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells under continuous light soaking with ZnO@CdS:epoxy short-wavelength-sunlight shielded films

Improving NiOx-Based Inverted MAPbl3 Perovskite Solar Cells by the Optimization of Sol-Gel Solution Composition and a Photovoltaic Polymer Interlayer

Evolution of the Characterization of Horizontally Aligned Organic Light-Emitting Molecules and Their Recent Progress of Molecular Design

Near UV Classic Fluorophores Showing High

Minor PCE Decline of Ternary Solar Cells with Terpolymers

High Efficiency and CRI of Ultrathin and Singly Doped Hybrid White OLEDs

Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Platinum Complex

Acrylonitrile-Thiophene Copolymers - f3-lsomers  Outperform a-Isomers in Polymer Solar Cells

Deep Blue Fluorescent Material with an Extremely High Ratio of Horizontal Orientation to Enhance Light Outcoupling Efficiency ( 1/out 44%)

Efficiency enhanced and stability extended perovskite solar cells using nano-porous (np) NiOx

 High Efficiency OPVs with a Thick (300 nm) Bulk Heterojunction Comprising a Ternary Composition

Near IR OLEDs from yellow-green Pt complexes

A rare aggregation-free Pt complex for high EQE (> 20%) OLEDs

Visualization the additive influencing the crystallite of MAPbl3 in perovskite solar cells

Fluorine substituents of n-conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaics

very high Jsc and PCE

TPE-tethered BODIPY

High EQE blue and greenish blue TADF OLEDs

Unconventional anode interlayer (AIL) universally improving solar cell efficiency

Structure-property : Diketopyrrolopyrrole-oligothiophene copolymers for organic photovoltaics

lsoindigo-dicyanoquaterthiophene copolymers for OPVs with high V0c 1.06 V and high PCE 8.3%

Dye sensitized solar cells based on 2,6-donor-acceptor­substituted BODIY dyes

Polymer side-chain solubility elucidating thermochromism and OPV properties

Non-fullerene electron transport layer {ETL) for PVSCs

Mo03 nanoparticle - solution processed hole injection layer phosphorescence OLEDs with enhanced efficiency

SimCP3 - An Advanced Homologue of SimCP2

The First AIE Fluorophore as Solution Processed Host Material of Hybrid White OLEDs

A n-Doped Fullerene Cathode lnterfacial Layer for Efficient and Stable Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells

CTAB Surfactant n-Doped ZrOx Cathode Buffer Layer for Polymer and Perovskite Solar Cells

High Performance Platinum Complex Hybrid WOLEDs

Diindenorubicene, a High Performance Fullerene  (PCBM) Replacement for P3HT OPVs

A Sustainable DSSC Fabrication Process

Solution Processable Small Molecule Bipolar Host Materials for Blue Phosphorescence OLEDs

Morphology Highly Stable Heteroatom-Bridged Bisspirobifluorene SP2X for Blue Phosphorescence OLEDs

Red-Shifting Resisted 9,10-Diphenylanthracence (DPA) Derivatives for Non-Dopant Blue OLEDs

Synergetic Interaction of AI-CsF-Oxadiazole Enhancing Electron Injection in SimCP2-Hosted White OLEDs

Comparison of Thiophene- and Selenophene-Bridged Low Band-Gap Polymers for BHJ OPVs

Rare Solvent Annealing Effective Low Band-Gap Polymer for BHJ OPVs

Awards & Honors
  • "中研院特優學術研究獎勵2022-08 ~ 2024-07"  (2022-08)
  • "International Association of Advanced Materials (IAAM) Scientist Award"  (2020-10)
  • "台北市第52屆中小學科展高中職組化學科優等獎(中山女高曾喻筠鄭雅云同學)"  (2019-04)
  • "台北市第52屆中小學科展高中職組化學科創意獎(中山女高曾喻筠鄭雅云同學)"  (2019-04)
  • "中央研究院專利及技術移轉個案獎勵 (Monetary Award of the Office of Public Affairs and Technology Licensing, Academia Sinica 2004 ROC Patent 205792 紅光發光材料 )"  (2004-10)
  • "2003年中央研究院年輕學者著作獎 (Young Scholar Research Publication Award of Academia Sinica 2003)"  (2003-06)
  • "2002年清華化學科技文教基金會傑出青年學者(Young Scholar Award of 2002 Chemical Technology, Culture, and Education Foundation, Department of Chemisty, National Tsing Hua University)"  (2002-04)
  • "中國化學會會誌年度(1997)最佳論文 Article of the year 1997, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society."  (1998-10)
  • "NASA Monetary Award, NASA Tech Brief NPO-19398 (1996)"  (1996-11)
Selected Publications
  1. Fenta, A. D.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T. Molecular engineering of of a medium bandgap copolymer (PM6) as terpolymers to promote the efficiency and lifetime of non-fullerene acceptor (Y6)-based polymer organic photovoltaics. Chem. Eng. J. 2025519, 165494.
  2. Kuo, D.-W.; Chen, C.-T. A dual layer of NiO x hole transporting material boosting efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells up to 20.7%. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2025, 8, 5309-5316 .
  3. Moodalabeed Prasannakumara, T.; Hamapapura Chaluvegowda, S.; Kuo, D.-W.; Li, S.-W.; Yu, W.-Y.; Shyeug, J.-J.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Mitigating the degradation of MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells under continuous light soaking with ZnO@CdS:epoxy short-wavelength-sunlight shielded films. Solar RRL 2024, 8, 2400226.
  4. Kuo, D.-W.; Liu, Y.-S.; Fenta, A. D.; Li, S.-W.; Moodalabeed Prasannakumar, T.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Inverted MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells based on optimized NiOx hole transporting material and an interlayer of photovoltaic polymer exhibit power conversion efficiency over 21% with an extended stability. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2023, 5, 6897.
  5. Lee, J. H.; Chen, C.-T. Evolution of the characterization of horizontally aligned light-emitting molecules and their recent progress of molecular design. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2023, 70, 2089.
  6. Fenta, A. D.; Lin, C.-W.; Li, S.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Difluoro and dicyano substituted sexithiophene-isoindigo terpolymers enabling ternary polymer solar cells with a bulk heterojunction thickness 100 nm ® 300 nm and a minor decline of efficiency 14.5% ® 14.0%. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 468, 143796.
  7. Lee, J. H.; Huang, J.-X.; Chen, C.-H.; Lee, Y.-T,; Chan, C.-Y.; Dzeng, Y.-C.; Tang, P.-W.; Chen, C.; Adachi, C.; Chiu, T.-L.; Lee, J.-H.; Chen, C.-T. Classic fluorophores with a horizontal alignment for enhancing light outcoupling efficiency (~30%) and external quantum efficiency (~7%) of near ultraviolet (lmax < 400 nm) organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2023, 11, 2202666.
  8. Kidanu, H. T.; Chen, C.-T. Solid-state near infrared emitting platinum (II) complexes as either an ultrathin or singly doped phosphorescence emitting layer in hybrid white OLEDs exhibiting high efficiency and colour rendering index. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 15470.
  9. Li, S.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Jeng, R.-J. Elucidating the efficiency of polymer solar cells based on dicyano-substituted vinylene-thienothiophenylene-vinylene- benzodithiophenylene copolymers: b-isomers outperform a-isomers. Macromolecules 2021, 54, 7849.
  10. Lee, J. H.; Lin, H.-Y.; Chen, C.-H.; Lee, Y-.T.; Chiu, T.-L.; Lee, J.-H.; Chen, C.-T.; Adachi, C. Deep blue fluorescent material with an extremely high ratio of horizontal orientation to enhance light outcoupling efficiency (44%) and external quantum efficiency in Doped and non-doped OLEDs. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 34605.
  11. Gidey, A. T.; Kuo, D.-W.; Fenta A. D.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. The first conventional solution sol-gel prepared nanoporous materials of nickel oxide for efficiency enhancing and stability extending MAPbI3 inverted perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021, 4, 6486.
  12. Fenta, A. D.; Lu, C.-F.; Gidey, A. T.; Chen, C.-T. High efficiency organic photovoltaics with a thick (300 nm) bulk heterojunction comprising a ternary composition of a PFT Polymer-PC71BM fullerene-IT4F nonfullerene acceptor. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021, 4, 5274.
  13. Kidanu, H. T.; Lee, J. H.; Chen, C.-T. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence characterization of high-performance near-infrared emitters based on 1,5-naphthyridin-4-ol-containing heteroleptic platinum(II) complexes. Mater. Adv. 2021, 2, 3589.
  14. Kidanu, H. T.; Chen, C.-T. Achieving pure yellow, high-efficiency (EQE > 20%) electroluminescence from ultrathin emitting layer (0.6-2.0 nm) OLEDs having a rare aggregation-free heteroleptic platinum complex. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 1410.
  15. Gidey, A. T.; Chen, C.-T. Pb[N(CN)2]2 - a novel and effective additive provides visual verifications elucidating efficiency enhancement of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells. Org. Electron. 202188, 106009.
  16. Fenta, A. D.; Liao, S.-F.; Li, S.-W.; Lu, C.-F.; Chen, C.-T. Increasing the fluorine substituent of thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione terthiophene copolymers progressively narrows the nanofibrils and enhances the efficiency of fullerene-based polymer photovoltaics. Macromolecules 2020, 53, 7073.
  17. Liao, S.-F.; Lu, C.-F.; Fenta, A. D.; Chen, C.-T.; Chao, C.-Y.; Su, W.-F. High face-on ratio isoindigo copolymers with extended nano-fibrillar net works in fullerene-based thick (>300 nm) photovoltaics achieving a high efficiency of 10.7%. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 21309.
  18. Yang, C.-J.; Lee, J.-H.; Chen, C.-T. Synthesis, photoluminescence and electroluminescence characterization of double tetraphenylethene-tethered BODIPY luminogens. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2019, 66, 1198.
  19. Lee, Y.-T.; Tseng, P.-C.; Komino T.; Mamada, M.; Ortiz, R. J.; Leung, M.-k.; Chiu, T.-L.; Lin, C.-F.; Lee, J.-H.; Adachi, C.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Simple Molecular-Engineering Approach for Enhancing Orientation and Outcoupling Efficiency of Thermally Active Delayed Fluorescent Emitters without Red-Shifting Emission. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 43842.
  20. Golder, J.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, H.-W.; Lan, Y.-B.; Chen, C.-T. Unconventional Anode Interlayer UniversallyImproving Solar Cell Efficiency. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.  2018, 51, 314002.
  21. Wu, J.-L.; Lin, C.-W.; Golder, J.; Lin, T.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Oligothiophenes and Alkyl Side-Chain Arrangement the Structure-Property Study of Their Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymers for Organic Photovoltaics. Org. Electron. 2018, 61, 185.
  22. Liao, S.-F.; Chen, C.-T.; Chao, C.-Y. Isoindigo-Dicyanobithiophene-Based Copolymer for High Performance Polymer-Fullerene Solar Cells Reaching 1.06 V Open Circuit Voltage and 8.36% Power Conversion Efficiency. ACS Macro Lett. 2017, 6, 969.
  23. Yeh, S.-C.; Wang, L.-J.; Yang, H.-M.; Dai, Y.-H.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Jeng, R.-J. Structure-property Relationship Study of Donor and Acceptor 2,6-Disubstituted BODIPY Derivatives for High Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem. Eur. J. 2017, 23, 14747.
  24. Chen, H.-Y.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T.; Golder, J.; Lan, Y.-B.; Wang, J.-K. Polymer Side-Chain Substituents Elucidate Thermochromism of Benzodithiophene-Dithiophenylacrylonitrile Copolytmers – Polymer Solubility Correlation of Thermochromism and Photovoltaic Performance. Polym. Chem. 2017, 8, 3689.
  25. Wu, J.-L.; Huang, W.-K.; Chang, Y.-C.; Tsai, B.-C.; Hsiao, Y.-C.; Chang, C.-Y.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Simple Mono-Halogenated Perylene Diimides as Non-Fullerence Electron Transporting Materials in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with ZnO Nanoparticles Cathode Buffer Layers. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 12811.
  26. Liu, C.-W.; Tsai, M.-C.; Cheng, T.-C.; Ho, Y.-H.; You H.-k.; Li, C.-S.; Chen, C.-T.; Wu, C.-I. Improved Efficiency of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Self-Assembled Molybdenum Oxide Hole Injection Layers. J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 121, 195501.
  27. Lee, Y.-T.; Chang, Y.-T.; Wu, C.-L.; Golder, J.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. SimCP3─An Advanced Small Molecular Host Material for Blue Phosphorescence Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Molecules 2016, 21, 1315.
  28. Lee, Y.-T.; Chang, Y.-T.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. The First Aggregation-Induced Emission Fluorophore as a Solution Processed Host material in Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 7020.
  29. Chang, C.-Y.; Huang, W.-K.; Chang, Y.-C.; Lee, K.-T.; Chen, C.-T. A Solution-Processed n-Doped Fullerene Cathode Interfacial Layer for Efficient and Stable Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 640.
  30. Chang, C.-Y.; Huang, W.-K.; Wu, J.-L.; Chang, Y.-C.; Lee, K.-T. Room-Temperature Solution-Processed n‑Doped Zirconium Oxide Cathode Buffer Layer for Efficient and Stable Organic and Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 242.
  31. Poloek, A.; Wang, C.; Chang, Y-T.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. New Platinum Complexes Exhibiting Host Dependent Photoluminescence as Single Dopants in Double Emitting Layer, Voltage Independent Hybrid White Electroluminescence Devices. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 11163.
  32. Chen, H.-Y.; Golder, J.; Yeh, S.-C.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Diindeno[1,2-g:10,20-s]rubicene: All-Carbon Nonfullerene Electron Acceptor for Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells with High Open Circuit Voltage. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 3381.
  33. Yeh, S.-C.; Lee, P.-H.; Liao, H.-Y.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Chen, C.-T.; Jeng, R.-J. Facile Solution Dropping Method: a Green Process for Dyeing TiO2 Electrodes of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Enhanced Power Conversion Efficiency. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng. 2015, 3, 71.
  34. Lee, Y.-T.; Chang, Y.-T.; Lee, M.-T.; Chiang, P.-H.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Solution-Processed Bipolar Small Molecular Host Materials for Single-Layer Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 382.
  35. Poloek, A.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. High Colour Rendering Index and Colour Stable Hybrid White Efficient OLEDs with a Double Emitting Layer Structure Using a Single Phosphorescence Dopant of Heteroleptic Platinum Complexes. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 10343.
  36. Poloek, A.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. High Performance Hybrid White and Multi-Colour Electroluminescence from a New Host Material for Heteroleptic Naphthyridinolate Platinum Complex Dopant. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 1376.
  37. Wu, C.-L.; Zhang, Z.-H.; Chen, C.-T.; Su, C.-J.; Chen, C.-T. High Efficiency Non-Dopant Blue Organic Light-emitting Diodes Based on Anthracene-Based Fluorophores with Molecular Design of Charge Transport and Red-Shifted Emission Proof. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 7188.
  38. Wu, C.-L.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Synthesis and Characterization of Heteroatom-Bridged Bisspirobifluorenes for the Application of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 2114.
  39. Chang, Y.-T.; Chang, J.-K.; Lee, Y.-T.; Wang, P.-S.; Wu, J.-L.; Hsu, C.-C.; Wu, I.-W.; Tseng, W.-H.; Pi, T.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Wu, C.-I. High-Efficiency Small-Molecule-Based Organic Light Emitting Devices with Solution Processes and Oxidazol-Based Electron Transport Materials. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 2013, 5, 10614.
  40. Chen, H.-Y.; Yeh, S.-C.; Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Comparison of Thiophene- and Selenophene-Bridged Donor-Acceptor Low Band-Gap Copolymers used in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 21549.
  41. Chen, H.-Y.; Wu, J.-L.; Chen, C.-T.; Chen, C.-T. Rare Solvent Annealing Effective Benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophene-Based Low Band-Gap Polymer for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 1012.

Selected Patent:

  1. Chen, C.-T. (陳錦地)、Lee, Y-T.(李怡葶)、Lee, M.-T. (李孟庭)、Chiang, P.-H. (江柏軒)、Chen, C.-W. (陳介偉)、Lee, C.-C. (李重君)Organic Luminous Material and Organic Electroluminescent Apparatus (有機發光材料及有機電致發光裝置) ROC Patent (中華民國專利) No. I 427136 2014.
  2. Lee, M.-T. (李孟庭)、Chiang, P.-H. (江柏軒)、Chen, C.-W. (陳介偉)、Lee, C.-C. (李重君)、Chen, C.-T. (陳錦地)、Lee, Y-T.(李怡葶) Organic Luminous Material and Organic Electroluminescent Device (有機發光材料及有機電致發光元件) ROC Patent (中華民國專利) No. I 425077 2014.
  3. Chen, C.-T.; Lee, Y.-T.; Lee, M.-T.; Chiang, P.-H.; Chen, C.-W.; Lee, C.-C., US Patent US20130126834 A1, 2013.  Organic Luminous Material and Organic Electroluminscent Apparatus.
  4. Chen, C.-T.; Lee, Y.-T.; Lee, M.-T.; Chiang, P.-H.; Chen, C.-W.; Lee, C.-C., CN Patent CN 10253352 A, 2012. Organic Luminous Material and Organic Electroluminscent Device.
  5. Lee, M.-T.; Chiang, P.-H.; Chen, C.-W.; Lee, C.-C.; Chen, C.-T.; Lee, Y.-T., CN Patent CN 102447078 A, 2012. Organic Luminous Material Used in Electroluminescent Apparatus.
  6. Chen, C.-T. (陳錦地)、Wu, M.-F.(吳旻霏);Yeh, S.-J.(葉世傑) Tetraphenylsilane-Carbazole Compound, its Preparation Method and its Use as Host Material for Dopants (四苯矽烷-咔唑化合物,其製備方法及其作為有機發光二極體摻入物宿主材料之用途) ROC Patent(中華民國專利 ) No. I 316934 2009
  7. Chen, C. -T.; Wu, M. -F.; Yeh, S.-J. Tetraphenylsilane-Carbazole Compound, its Preparation Method and its Use as Host Material for Dopants for Organic Light Emitting Diodes. US Patent No. A1 20070726 2007.
  8. Chen, C. -T.; Yeh, H. -C.; Chan L. -H.; Lee, R. -H. Oxadiazole Tetramers. US Patent No. 7052783 B2 2006.
  9. Chen, C. -T.; Yeh, H. -C. Tetraazaporphyrin Compounds.US Patent 7005519 B1 2006.
  10. Chen, C. -T.; Yeh, H. -C.; Wu, W. -C.; Chan L. -H. Red Light-Emitting Materials. US Patent No. 6884525 B2 2005.
  11. Chen, C. -T. (陳錦地); Yeh, H. -C.(葉修志); Wu, W. -C.(吳韋菁); Chan L. -H.(詹立行) Red Light-Emitting Materials. (紅光發光材料) ROC Patent(中華民國專利)No. 205792 2004.

Book Chapter:

  1. Liu, Jun, Chen, C.-T.*; Chen, C. H.* Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) in the Handbook of Digital Imaging, Kris M. Ed.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chester, UK, 2015, Volume 2, Chap. 14, pp. 577-625.
  2. Lin, C.-W.; Chen, C.-T.* AIE or AIEE Materials for Electroluminescence Application in Aggregation-induced emission: Phenomena, Materials and Applications; Qin, A., Tang, B. Z., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Singapore, 2013, Chap. 1, pp.1-60.
  3. Chen, C. H.(陳金鑫)、Chen, C.-T.(陳錦地)、Wu, C.-C. (吳忠幟) White OLED for Lighting (白光OLED照明),Wunan Book Inc. 五南圖書出版公司): Taipei (台北),2009, Chap. 4, pp.45-174.

Update: 2025-07-09