The rapid advancement of energy storage has pushed Li-ion batteries (LIBs) toward higher performance, better safety, lower cost, and wider temperature adaptability. However, conventional LIBs typically underperform in extreme environments—such as ocean exploration, tropical regions, high-altitude drones, and polar expeditions—due to hindered ion conductivity, interfacial instability, and sluggish Li⁺ desolvation. While graphite is widely used as a negative electrode for its mechanical stability, conductivity, affordability, and abundance, its limited Li⁺ storage capacity (372 mA h g-1 via LiC₆ formation) restricts further development.

In this study, we introduce an intercalation anomaly enabled by ultra-low graphite content in the electrode, achieving a super-lithiation stage. By reducing graphite and increasing conductive filler, we created a highly conductive electrode capable of ultrahigh rate performance—2200 mA h g⁻¹ at 1C and 1100 mA h g⁻¹ at 30C. Remarkably, even at −20 °C, the anode retained 50% of its room temperature capacity, outperforming any other LIB anodes.

Spectroscopic analysis revealed a capacitive behavior and structural evolution leading to an intercalation limit beyond LiC₆, up to LiC₂. This structural anomaly significantly boosts capacity and enhances low-temperature performance by mitigating desolvation and diffusion limitations. These findings offer a novel perspective on graphite chemistry and open new possibilities for high-performance, anode-less LIBs in harsh environments.

隨著能源儲存技術的迅速發展，鋰離子電池正朝向更高的性能、更佳的安全性、更低的成本，以及更廣泛的操作溫度範圍邁進。然而，傳統鋰離子電池在極端環境下（如海洋探勘、熱帶地區、高空無人機與極地探險）之應用仍面臨重大挑戰，主要歸因於離子導電性受阻、界面不穩定性，以及鋰離子去溶劑化過程遲滯等問題。 石墨因具備優異的機械穩定性、導電性、成本效益與資源豐富等優勢，長期被視為鋰離子電池負極之標準材料。然而，其透過 LiC₆ 結構所達之理論鋰離子儲存容量（372 mA h g⁻¹）已成為限制其進一步應用之瓶頸。
本研究提出一種因極低石墨含量而誘發之異常插層現象，使石墨電極得以達到超鋰化階段。透過降低石墨含量並增加導電材料，成功構建出一種高導電性之電極系統，展現出卓越的高倍率性能——於1C倍率下達 2,200 mA h g⁻¹，於 30C 倍率下仍可達 1,100 mA h g⁻¹。值得一提的是，在零下負 20 °C 低溫操作下，該負極仍可維持其於室溫電容量之 50%，此表現明顯優於現今所有鋰電池負極材料。
在電池效能之外，光譜分析顯示此電極系統具有額外之電容行為與明顯之結構進化，致使鋰離子之插層能力突破傳統 LiC₆ 限制，並提升至 LiC₂。此一系統顯著地提升了電池效能，並有效改善低溫下的去溶劑化與擴散限制。此研究為碳材料之電化學機制提供了全新觀點，並為未來發展高性能、無負極鋰離子電池於極端環境中之應用奠定重要基礎。